Essay Gender Roles in Childrens Literature - 1876 Words

| | |Gender Roles in Children’s Literature | | | |Kate Moore | |11/22/2010 | â€Å"Everything we read constructs us, makes us who we are, by presenting our image of ourselves as girls and women, as boys and men† – M. Fox It is a well†¦show more content†¦The way, in which gender roles are portrayed in children’s literature, significantly contributes to the development of children’s gender roles and how they are perceived by society. It is important to teach children about gender roles since it is something that society holds in regards, but most of the time in literature it is done unequally. The portrayal of gender in literature is based off of the expectations of society and places bias on gender. Boys are portrayed as strong, adventurous, independent and capable and often play the roles of fighters, adventurers and rescuers. Girls are portrayed as sweet, naà ¯ve, dependent, sensitive and emotional and play roles such as caretakers, princesses and mothers. The roles of gender portrayed in literature are often a reflection of the views of society and do not offer objective insight. Even though it is important to teach children about gender roles, the fashion in which it is done in does not allow children to see beyond those expectations. If a young girl is constantly read stories about a woman’s role as a housewife, homemaker and mother, she will assume that’s what is expected of her and wi ll not know society will allow her to be anything she wants to be. Gender roles in children’s literature are linked to gender stereotypes. Gender stereotypes have always been a part of society and are seen in almost every aspectShow MoreRelatedGender Roles in Childrens Literature2226 Words   |  9 PagesGender Bias in Literature Men Fix ThingsÂ…Girls Have Dolls -Shirley B. Ernst I have thought about many different ways to organize this paper and have come to the conclusion that the best way to approach the topic is on a book-by-book basis. My perceptions of the gender biases in these books vary greatly and I did not want to begin altering my views on each so that they would fit into certain contrived connections. What interests me most in these stories is how the authors utilize certain charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of Alison Lester s 2009-2010 Book Series1312 Words   |  6 Pagesnaturalise ‘traditionally acceptable models of gender’ in contemporary Australian children’s literature. Research background: Since the 1970s, there has been a significant increasing in academic interest surrounding gender in children’s literature. Peter Hunt (2009) argues literature has gained academic focus as society comes to recognise how it can shape it â€Å"in fundamental and long-lasting ways† (15-16). This is particularly true of children’s literature, which Hunt argues functions as an â€Å"introductoryRead MoreThe Portrayal Of Children s Books918 Words   |  4 Pagespresented in children’s media – including books. As noted by Taylor (2003), Children s books are an important cultural mechanism for teaching children gender roles. If children are exposed to stereotypical images in children’s books, they may adopt these as normative, and may adjust their actions accordingly (Paynter, 2011). Given this, it is important to examine the representation(s) of gender in children’s books. In this paper I will discuss the depiction of gender in children†™s books, focusingRead MoreCritique. This Critique Seeks To Provide Contextualisation1355 Words   |  6 Pagesinto gendered representations in children’s literature, and the mechanisms that underpin their construction and reproduction. The key aim is to explore possible shifts within gender representation in children’s literature. Hamilton et al. (2006) argue that although there have been changes, over time, to gender representations, improvements have been mitigated by both the underrepresentation of female characters and a continued tendency to cast girls in â€Å"passive roles, boys in active ones† (p. 758)Read MoreGender Roles in Childrens Books1034 Words   |  5 Pages GENDER REPRESENTATION AND STEREOTYPING IN 7 for the years pre-1970 presented male to female ratios of 4.0:1 in titles, 2.6:1 in central roles, and 1.6:1 in pictures (Kortenhaus Demarest, 1993). The Caldecott books for the years post-1970 had more equal ratios of 1.2:1 for titles, 1.2:1 for central roles, and 1.1:1 in pictures. The non-award books showed similar ratios. This is a significant decrease from the male to female ratios in Weitzman’s study of Caldecott books in 1972. This study resultedRead MoreChildren s Development And Self Image Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesChildren’s literature and picture books are often entertaining and interesting to read as a child and even sometimes as an adult. However, there is a myriad of children’s stories that significantly influences children of their perception of other races and the opposite gender. In fact, â€Å"at ages 3-5, children begin the processes of actively learning to distinguish the sexes and of forming gender stereotypes [Powlishta, Serbin Moll er, 1993]. Therefore, the gender roles and the number of female andRead MoreChildren s Books : An Essential Part Of A Child s Life1105 Words   |  5 Pages Children’s books are an essential part of a child’s life because they enhance the development of language and critical thinking skills. This provides a solid foundation of learning for adolescents that will stick with them forever. Books have the power to alter a child’s life and influence their thoughts and decisions as they grow. It affects a child’s perspective on society and how they fit into it (Hunt, 1998). Literature has significantly changed over time because it tends to reflect theRead MoreGender Roles : Gender Role Play Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesGender role play is the concept of young children partaking in a form of play that already sets them within a specific gender role, for example, a girl pretending to be a mother or a girl partaking in a â€Å"pink-collar† job such a s nursing, teaching etc. This form of play can be seen within make-believe play. Though this topic can be tricky to study, due to the fact children in general can be tricky to observe, it is incredibly relevant due to the fact play in general has a huge effect on childrenRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Stereotypes1102 Words   |  5 PagesDefined Gender Roles Creating a Lack of Reality in Children’s Literature Distinction is a concept that is learned at a very young age. It is used as a tool to distinguish between race, religion, language, age and especially gender. Where certain topics regarding race and religion may be considered more taboo, the definition of gender is always open for discussion but it is not always depicted in all forms of the word. Children can feel isolated if they cannot relate to individuals they look up toRead MoreGender Roles Of Women s Literature1661 Words   |  7 Pageswhich gender roles are portrayed in children’s literature significantly contributes to the development of our youth’s understanding of their own gender’s role and how they are perceived by society. It is important for children to understand gender roles because gender roles are an essential cog in the perpetual machine that develops our society, but these cogs have been replaced with newer, more up-to-date cogs over recent years, so to speak. As society has changed, so has t he typical role that each

Inner Dimension Of Leadership Ethics - 874 Words

By exposing what s underneath of a genuine leader, or look underneath his or her identity, and you ll discover character. The attributes and values that make up the character of a decent leader are, generally, like those that make up the character of an extraordinary citizen. (Cooper, Sarros, Santora, 2007). This paper address the inner dimension of leadership ethics by describing the traits and values that make up the character of leadership. In addition to, examining how certain elements of character attributes, casts light or darkness on ethical decision-making specifically for extremis leaders in high-risk situations. Lastly, describing how by building the proponents of virtue, and ethical character, we increase our ability to fend off the adversary who shows our shadow sides (Johnson, 2015, p. 78) Philippians 4:8 says: Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things (Bible Gateway, 2016). From the setting, this verse is about personal conflict(s) in the church. Each of the commands Paul writes relate to resolving such problems. Paul, being such an important biblical figure expresses that leadership is more than a memorized menu of social graces, personality traits and organizational techniques (Rice, 2016). Instead, despite their humanShow MoreRelatedThe Four Foundations Of Human Excellence1704 Words   |  7 Pagesstates that, â€Å"the best leadership in times of change is clearly values-based leadership† and that change is good as long is a positive change and towards a meaningful life. (P. 97). The Moral—goodness, the third universal dimension of human experience although, people misunderstand ethics often. In his book, Morris explains a little more in depth the concept of how goodness should be interpreted, and how it relates with truth and beauty. In the context, Morris defines ethics as â€Å"mainly creating strengthRead MoreThe Pillars Of School Leadership1740 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership This paper is a review on the pillars of school leadership as discussed in School Supervision class. One occurring question is what does it mean to be a leader in one of our urban school system today is a questions asked repeatedly in our class reading? The qualities of a leader are courage, flexibility and confidence. Leadership today is the process by which leaders individually or collectively influence their colleagues. The Center for Comprehensive School Reform and Improvement (2005)Read MoreHow Leadership Is Important For Organizational Development And Movement Goal Attainment1345 Words   |  6 PagesHow to Guide to Servant Leadership Leadership is vital to organizational development and movement to goal attainment. The word leadership is composed of two words which are leader and ship. To fully understand the word leadership, one needs to look at the parts that make up the whole. Leader is the first part of the word which means a person who is taking the head role over others. The word ship is a vessel that carries people or things from one place to another by flowing over water. When puttingRead MoreReligion Is The Opiate Of The People1566 Words   |  7 Pagesways. This brings me to the point of the six-dimensions of religion. Ninian Smart defines religion by six doctrines that they share with one another. He describes that religion is a six dimensional organism in his essay. All of the parts of the organism are interrelated and interdependent on the other parts. Religion is like a living organism in that it has birthdays, always changing and growing, and developing, and potentially death. The six dim ensions are as follows: ritual, mythological, doctrinalRead MoreA Journey Of Leadership, Transformational, And Authentic Leadership1480 Words   |  6 PagesA Journey of Leadership: Enable Others to Act, Transformational, and Authentic Leadership This paper takes a journey of one person’s struggle to acquire skills that during the course of his life reached the pentacle of sound footing in a career as Director of Materials and Management for a local Mining Company. A brief overview of the concepts of transformational and authentic leadership and motivation of enabling others to act, thru fostering collaboration, creating a climate of trust, and facilitatingRead MoreA Journey Of Leadership, Transformational, And Authentic Leadership1472 Words   |  6 PagesA Journey of leadership: Enable Others to Act, Transformational, and Authentic Leadership This paper takes a journey of one person’s struggle to acquire skills that during the course of his life reached the pentacle of sound footing in a career as Director of Materials and Management for a local Mining Company. A brief overview of the concepts of transformational and authentic leadership and motivation of enabling others to act, thru fostering collaboration, creating a climate of trust, and facilitatingRead MoreThe Importance of Jean Watsons Caring Theory in Nursing909 Words   |  4 Pagesoutcomes. In addition, the caring model has been regarded a moral and philosophical foundation in terms of professional and disciplinary nursing. This model offers a system that intersects and embraces science, art, spirituality, humanity and new dimensions of nursing involving a fundamental focus to human aspects of nursing. Besides, it is possible for an individual to learn, study and read about the model. However, grasping and practicing its tenets is a matter of personal dedication and hard workRead MoreTransformational Leadership. Transformation Is A Period1893 Words   |  8 PagesTransformational Leadership Transformation is a period of growth, brought about through reflection and expansion of knowledge, awareness, and self-improvement. With each metamorphosis, an individual absorbs and cultivates new skills and understanding. This enlightened state enhances the ability of a leader and the quality of their leadership. According to Ciulla (2004) â€Å"Transforming leaders raise their followers up through various stages of morality and need. They turn their followers into leadersRead MoreThe Video Of Simon Sineks Speech At Ted Talk1658 Words   |  7 PagesUS and Afghanistan to meet the local village elders. And Simon found that the captain kissed each injured soldiers’ neck when he saved them from the war; Simon believe that the thing behind the captain’s actions is the true definition of greatest leadership then he started to illustrating his explanations. In order to explore the video deeper, four questions that related to the video will be examined through this essay a nd they are: What is the intended message of the video? Who is the target audienceRead MoreThe Video Of Simon Sineks Speech At Ted Talk1656 Words   |  7 PagesUS and Afghanistan to meet the local village elders. And Simon found that the captain kissed each injured soldiers’ neck when he saved them from the war; Simon believe that the thing behind the captain’s actions is the true definition of greatest leadership then he started to illustrating his explanations. In order to explore the video deeper, four questions that related to the video will be examined through this essay and they are: What is the intended message of the video? Who is the target audience

The Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension Free Essays

string(72) " treatment of high blood pressure are thiazides \(Bullock et al 2007\)\." Abstract An academic edit of an essay concerned with the physiology and pharmacology of hypertension. The ‘flow’ and sense have been improved, references added where necessary, and the style amended to an appropriate academic one. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The following essay looks at the physiology and pharmacology of hypertension. First, the nature of the condition is examined, together with risk factors and current statistics on its occurrence. Next, the possible ways of treating the condition, particularly through drugs, is considered. 2. Hypertension: its Physiology and other Aspects The definition of hypertension has attracted controversy over the last 50 years or so, but is currently generally seen as blood pressure which is over 140 over 90mmHg (Gotto and Toth 2006). This can be translated as the heart beating pressure or systolic pressure being 140 mmHg and the relaxing pressure or Diastolic pressure at 90mmHg. Blood pressure can vary considerably from person to person (Brubaker et al 2002). There is a concern to reduce high blood pressure, as it has been associated with cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, and other serious conditions (Edlin and Golanty 2009).In terms of diagnosis, this is done over several readings at a given period, and these must be give regular high readings to confirm that there is a problem. These readings should be taken during and after normal activities, and also when relaxing (Bricker et al 1994). The cause of high blood pressure in most cases is unknown, but it is widely thought that the pressure in the arteries depends on how hard the heart pumps blood and how much resistance there is in the arteries. A slight narrowing of the arteries will increase the resistance of blood flow. Many factors will contribute to this occurrence (Sherwood 2012). Whatever the cause or causes might be, the condition is common: in the UK well over half the people aged 65 or over suffer from high blood pressure, and 25% of those in middle age (Woods and Clare 2008). High blood pressure is particularly common in the following groups: People with diabetes (type 1 and type two) People of Afro-Caribbean descent People from the Indian subcontinent Those with a family history of high blood pressure Heavy smokers Heavy drinkers People who consume a lot of salt The overweight People with a high caffeine and alcohol intake People who consumer Insufficient fruits and vegetables or do not take enough exercise (Patient.co.uk [online] 2012) High blood pressure is not always apparent to the sufferer. It might be years before the condition is discovered, and by then a considerable amount of damage may already have been done. Therefore, regular checks are important, to ensure that any excess strain on the arteries is detected and risk reduced (Rhoden and Schein 2010). At some point, most people develop atherosclerosis, so the aim is to slow it down and halt any acceleration.While a number of causes associated with high blood pressure cannot be altered, including: Family history Heart disease or strokes before 55 Being Male Early Menopause in females Ageing Ethnicity (Condon 2004) For people falling into these categories, there is extra reason to take extra precautions and deal with any lifestyle risk associated with high blood pressure. By doing so, the development of hypertension can be slowed down considerably reducing the chances of cardiovascular disease in the future (Edlin and Golanty 2009). Estimates show that a reduced diastolic blood pressure by 6mmHg can reduce the risk of having a stroke in the future by 35-40% and heart attacks by 20-25% (Warrell et al 2003). The higher the blood pressure, the higher the risk. However, there are several treatments and therapies to help reduce high blood pressure. Lifestyle changes including weight loss, increased physical activity, change of diet cutting down on alcohol intake, less smoking, low salt and caffeine consumption can all help (Kaplan et al 2002). If lifestyle changes are not effective, medication can help. 3. Medical Treatment of High Blood Pressure There are several classes of medicines used in the treatment of lowering blood pressure, and each class contains many different drugs. For the purpose of this essay l will use a couple of examples in each section, to give a picture of what is currently available on the market, which are in use, and the available research about them, class by class. It should be noted that all drug therapies normally have side effects. Calcium-channel blockers, for example can sometimes cause dizziness, swollen ankles, facial flushing and constipation (Ascheim and Ascheim 2009). 3.1 Calcium-Channel Blockers Calcium-Channel blockers include the drugs amlodipine and felodipine, which are also used in the treatment of angina (Hughes and Hughes 2001). They act through selective inhibitors of calcium influx through the cell membrane or on the release and binding of calcium in the cells (Frishman and Sica 2011). They are also referred to as inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation (Raffa 2004). They are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms as myocardial protective agents, and for the relaxation of uterine spasms (McKenzie and Porter 2011). Amlodipine and Valsartan is a drug of this class, a single–pill combination which is used in hypertension management in the US. Valsartan is an Angiotensin II receptor blocker (Alexander 2008). The combination pill is used in the management of patients with mild to moderate blood pressure over trials of 8-16 weeks. Results showed the combination therapy is more effective than the monotherapy of amlodipine and Valsartan solely (Sureshkumar 2008). This combination pill is more acceptable, and also works well for the many who will need more than one drug to help th em reach their target of lowering their blood pressure. 3.2 Diuretics Diuretics, or water tablets, work by promoting the excretion of salt and fluid through the urine. This brings about reduced circulation of fluid and a reduction in blood pressure. The blood vessels within the circulatory system relax, which has an effect on blood pressure. The most commonly used diuretic in the United Kingdom, for the treatment of high blood pressure are thiazides (Bullock et al 2007). You read "The Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension" in category "Essay examples" Examples of this class are bendroflumethiazide and hydrochlorothiazide. A low dose of these is often prescribed for the treatment of high blood pressure, with the proviso that blood and kidney tests are advisable before treatment is started, with follow up tests at 4-6 weeks to check potassium levels, then an annual blood test is normal (Rubin 2007). Diuretics have a number of side effects, including gout in a small number of users, and impotence in others (Souhami and Moxham 2002). These drugs are also often used in combination. Combining them with other drugs is often preferred, as it allows a more rapid and intensive control of high blood pressure, for example the combination of a diuretic and an Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and thiazides. Zofenpril, for example, is a strong ACE inhibitor and the combination of Hydrochlorothiazide given to patients with acute myocardial infarction over long term improves the risk of major cardiovascular disease (Khan 2005). The fixed combination of Zofenpril and Hydrochlorothiades (HCTZ), 30/12.5mg/ day has been approved for mild to moderate management in several Europeans countries (Borghi and Cicero 2006). 3.3 Beta Blockers Beta blockers come in various brands and types, typical examples being are propranolol and atenolol. They work by slowing the heart rate and reducing the force of the heart. They are also used are used to treat angina and some other conditions. They are not recommended for asthma sufferers, and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Arcangelo and Peterson 2006). They do have some side effects, including cold feet and hands, poor sleep and tiredness. Propranolol is also used in the treatment of Haemangioma related high blood pressure. Haemangioma is , a vascular swelling forming a tumour- like mass which forms anywhere in the body (Stedman 2002), and has shown to be effective for this in a study of 39 children, where Propranolol therapy showed a reduction of haemangioma within 2 days to 2 weeks.. Propranolol therapy has been proved more effective for infantile head and neck haemangioma, provided it is given to the patient early, when it first appears (Stedman 2002), and more patients are now being treated with propranolol therapy rather than corticosteroid therapy, although the best dosage and age when to stop treatment is still under discussion. 3.3 Angio Tensin Receptor Blockers These are known as receptor antagonists drugs. The brands available include Candesartan and Eprosartan. All work by blocking the Angiotensin 11 on the walls of the blood vessel, and hence reduce the amount of this substance in the bloodstream. They are similar to the ACE inhibitors (Moini 2004). The chemical effect narrows the blood vessels forcing it to relax and widen which reducing the blood vessel in the process. The most popular of these are captopril and Cilazapril, however these are contra-indicated where the patient has underlying kidney problems. Captopril was first discovered in 1898, however it was only used for treating high blood pressure fairly recently. An ACE inhibitor is beneficial to patients with heart failure and diabetes (Johnson and Morgan 2000) 4. Conclusion While the mechanisms whereby high blood pressure is caused are not fully understood, it is associated with a number of hereditary conditions as well as lifestyle factors. If moderating consumption of salt, alcohol and other changes to lifestyle are ineffective in bringing down blood pressure, a variety of medical approaches are possible. The exact type of treatment suitable for individual patients depends on a number of factors including medical history, ethnic origin and age.The UK guidelines set out suitable treatments for various classes of patients. However it should be remembered that individuals vary a great deal in regards to blood pressure; occasionally treatment does not work and may have side effects too, in such cases switching to a different class of medication is recommended. Generally, high blood pressure treatment is for life, but some individuals may respond so well that treatment could stop after three or so years. 5. References Alexander, I (2008) PDR Nurse’s Drug Handbook, Physicians Desk Reference Inc, USA Ascheim, D and Ascheim, R (2009) Heart Health Your Questions Answered, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, UK Borghi, C and Cicero, A F G (2006) ‘Fixed combination of zofenopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in the management of hypertension: a review of available data’, Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2:4, 341–349. Bricker, S L and Langlais, R P (1994) Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine, and Treatment Planning (2nd edn), PMPH-USA, USA Brubaker, P H, Kaminsky, L A and Whaley, M H (2002) Coronary artery disease: essentials of prevention and rehabilitation program, Human Kinetics, Illinois Bullock, S, Galbraith, A, Manias, E, Hunt, B and Richards, A (2007) Fundamentals of pharmacology: an applied approach for nursing and health (2nd edn.), Pearson Education, Harlow Essex Condon, M C (2010) Women’s health: body, mind, spirit : an integrated approach to wellness and illness, Prentice Hall, USA Edlin, G and Golanty, E (2009) Health and Wellness, Jones Bartlett Learning, USA Frishman, W H and Sica, D A (2011) Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapeutics (3rd edn.), Cardiotext Publishing, USA Gotto, A M and Toth, P P (2006) Comprehensive management of high risk cardiovascular patients, CRC Press, NY Hughes, W and Hughes, J (2001) Clinical Pharmacy (2nd edn), Macmillan Education AU, Australia Johnson, M and Morgan, R (2000) Pharmacology for podiatrists, John Wiley Sons, USA Kaplan, N M, Lieberman, E and Neal, W (2002) Kaplan’s clinical hypertension (8th edn), Lippincott Williams Wilkins, USA Khan, M I G (2005) Encyclopedia of heart diseases, Academic Press, Burlington MA McKenzie, G (2011) Clinical Companion: Medical-Surgical Nursing (2nd edn.), Elsevier Australia, Australia Moini, J (2004) The pharmacy technician: a comprehensive approach, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA Patient.co.uk (2012) ‘High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)’, [online] (cited 11th March 2012) available from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/High-Blood-Pressure-%28Hypertension%29.htm Patient.co.uk (2012) ‘Medication for high blood pressure’, [online] (cited 10th March 2012) available from http://www.patients.co.uk/health/Medication -for-High-Blood-Pressure.htm Peterson, A M and Arcangelo, V P (2006) Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: a practical approach (2nd edn) , Lippincott Williams Wilkins, USA Raffa, R B (2004) Quick Look: Pharmacology, Hayes Barton Press, USA Rhoden, C A and Wiley, S (2010) Bringing Down High Blood Pressure, Government Institutes, USA Rubin, A L (2007) High Blood Pressure for Dummies (2nd edn.), John Wiley Sons, USA Sherwood, L (2012) Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (8th edn.), Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA Souhami, R L and Moxham, J (2002) Textbook of medicine (4th edn.), Elsevier Health Sciences, UK, USA Sureshkumar, K K (2008) ‘Renin inhibition with aliskiren in hypertension: focus on aliskiren/hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy’ Vasc Health Risk Management, 4:6, 1205–1220 Warrell, D A, Cox, T M and Firth, J D (2003) Oxford textbook of medicine (4th edn), Oxford University Press, Oxon. Woods, B and Clare, L (2008) Handbook of the clinical psychology of ageing (2nd edn.), John Wiley Sons, USA How to cite The Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension, Essay examples

Tools for Business Advancement Samples for Students - Myassignment

Questions: 1.What is Strategy? 2.Business Model Innovation. Answers: 1.Strategy Strategy is a very important tool for making business advancements in the real organizations. A good competitive strategy helps the organizations to keep a better position in the market and it helps to sustain the position for a long-term time span. There are some critical tools that lead in making a perfect strategy. These things include providing the products at a low cost to its customers and always move fast in the sector that it concerns. The organizations should also approach its customers with a global strategy. They should their customers with all sorts of best services available so that their customer service remains beyond the reach of their rival companies. The service providers should use some tactics so that they can reach their customers easily and they should set their goals as to whom they should capture the market. There are some other factors that are responsible for building a good strategy that is to realize the uniqueness in the approach to the market, utilizing the important capabilities, the art of sustaining those capabilities to preserve it for further development achieving the goals. The capabilities should be recognized first so that it would be easier for the organizations to assess the rivals movements and take appropriate actions according to that. The target markets have to be segmented properly to achieve better results. Another significant thing is that companies should eye on mass production to get a positive impact on the customers minds. These strategies have to be implemented properly to get the desired outcomes. Nine Network or Channel Nine is a very reputed firm in media communications in Australia which is the most prominent organization in the media sector there (Nine.com.au 2017) There are other media organizations in the country as well. Nine Networks is responsible for most important telecasts in the fields of news, sports, entertainment and others. There are some factors responsible for being successful in the field of media competition. The competitive market in the media organizations is so major nowadays that one needs to put the best effort by adopting perfect strategies so that they can achieve best results (Agha, Alrubaiee, and Jamhour 2012). They have to set their goals and objectives as in which segments of the society they want to reach. They have to select a proper target market and must use some tactics to reach their targets. The channel has become the home for leading sports events in the country so people are happy to subscribe to the channel and their unique value is su stained thus by reaching to the selected segments of the society (Florea, Cheung and Herndon 2013). The media organization has to take up a global strategy so that they can reach the larger parts of the global market (De Loecker and Goldberg 2014) .They must also take up relevant tactics so that they can sustain their progress. Besides, they should appeal to the mass market to spread their business worldwide and they must eye on developing their customer service for their further enhancements. 2.Business Model Innovation Business model innovation is an integral part of business marketing that helps the marketers to keep updated with the recent changes in the sector and it should cater to the betterment of the organizations (Massa and Tucci 2013). The recent trends show that the marketing criteria have changed in the recent years with the innovation of modern technologies. Modern technologies have, therefore, catered to the drastic changing in the market that can be measured on a global perspective only. The recent technologies have gone through a dramatic change so that the scenario is all about how the companies provide their services all around the world. A business model innovation will probably present an organization with some possible requirements for change. There are some major features of the business models like the Identity or the way the business wants to represent itself to its customer base. Secondly, Core resources have to be highlighted that include the core competencies, strategic pa rtners and the business processes. Thirdly, Target markets is the point that includes the target segmentations of the company or the group of people it wants to deal with (Solomon 2014). Fourthly, Channel strategy is the point that highlights the channel through reaching the customers. Fifthly, Customer offers is the thing that stresses on providing the customers with best possible offers according to their needs. Sixthly, Supply Chain Strategy determines the ways for delivering of the products to the customers at an affordable rate (Roh, Hong and Min 2014). The business innovation model has left impacts on the chosen organization. Like all other organizations, it is bound to leave impacts on Nine Networks too. Nine Networks has been a very reputable media organization that has delivered its services to the inhabitants of the country for a long time now. The business model innovation has led to their building of a completely digitalized infrastructure to reach their customers. They have introduced the new HD channels for the new generation watchers so that they can enjoy the benefits of technology through the high definition television channels (Bennett and Segerberg 2013). In this fast paced world, most people are dependent on digitalized connective system. The people should be provided with proper medium so that they can keep track with the most recent updates. Therefore, it is only fair for the organization to develop an application through software that the customers can download and access them on move. Thus, the channel strategy ca n be properly implemented. The customers should be given affordable offers and the customers should be able to avail the offers. The channel should show live telecast of important events and they should not be charged with any extra money for that. They can also open online portals from which the customers can download their favorite programs and watch it whenever they want. The organization can employ clever tactics to eliminate their rivals from gaining the telecast copyrights and they can also make partnerships with some big names in the industry to get financial advices and help in times of need. Thus, the selected organization can use the business innovation models. References Agha, S., Alrubaiee, L. and Jamhour, M., 2012. Effect of core competence on competitive advantage and organizational performance.International Journal of Business and Management,7(1), p.192 Bennett, W.L. and Segerberg, A., 2013.The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Cambridge University Press. De Loecker, J. and Goldberg, P.K., 2014. Firm performance in a global market.Annu. Rev. Econ.,6(1), pp.201-227. Florea, L., Cheung, Y.H. and Herndon, N.C., 2013. For all good reasons: Role of values in organizational sustainability.Journal of Business Ethics,114(3), pp.393-408. Massa, L. and Tucci, C.L., 2013. Business model innovation.The Oxford Handbook of Innovafion Management, pp.420-441. Nine.com.au. (2017). nine.com.au the new ninemsn - News, Sport, TV, Entertainment, Lifestyle. [online] Available at: https://www.nine.com.au/ [Accessed 22 Apr. 2017]. Roh, J., Hong, P. and Min, H., 2014. Implementation of a responsive supply chain strategy in global complexity: The case of manufacturing firms.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.198-210. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Outsource and In-Source R D Essay Sample free essay sample

Abstraction The two chief elements of concern scheme are ; rational belongings and integrating to outsourcing scheme ; with outsourcing its chief concern is in doing determinations on whether to have. purchase or go forth the complementary assets that are necessary to convey a merchandise to market. And the right determination will depend among other factors. the rational belongings ( IP ) of the house and the nature of the demands the invention topographic points on complementary assets. The penetration of this invention is that a strong IP or its engineering design is difficult for rivals to copy or emulate. and hence there are small opportunities that the rivals will stop up being victors ; in add-on the strong appropriability will give the power to deal for entree to complementary assets from a privileged place ( Carr. 1990 ) . Introduction This is a instance survey following an eight months research at Cardio Vascular Business Unit of Philips Medical Systems ; the paper will concentrate on Business Information Systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Outsource and In-Source R D Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This instance survey has risen due to Unit’s diverseness. complexness accompanied by my personal involvements on outsourcing and competitory schemes. at the terminal ; it will supply me with an first-class chance for me to accomplish a better position of the subject. In add-on this sort of empirical instances like the 1s from Philips Medical systems and other semiconducting material companies provides a good penetration into the direction thought for any in-between directors. the schemes behind outsourcing and determination devising procedure. Decisions about research and development affect all of us. because of their nexus with the public presentation of houses and of economic systems. as a whole. Their importance is of great concern to a big figure of practicians. policy-makers and research workers. and their range is non limited because their survey can be approached from different positions. Very few organisations if. any have presently outsourced parts of their operations. this has led to more widespread usage of outsourcing which has increased enormously. The early outsourcing focused chiefly on low skilled support maps like nutrient service. guard services. and informations entry services but in the recent yesteryear outsourcing in countries like in farm action engineering which includes information systems development is turning really fast to an extend even some organisations have begun to outsource maps that are dependent on information engineering like client service. research and development. logistics directio n and even finance and accounting. Even though. outsourcing is turning. this construct is non clearly defined. Its definitions can be viewed as runing from prolonged usage of advisers in executing simple undertakings to reassigning the duty of executing an full internal map to a given 3rd party. And the footings associated with authorities denationalization enterprises. we can therefore state that under outsourcing a authorities entity remains to the full responsible for the proviso of affected services while another entity operates the map or performs the service. it even includes services like undertaking out. granting of franchises to private houses. and even the usage of voluntaries in presenting public services Carr. 1990 ) . In general. we can therefore define outsourcing as undertaking out the uninterrupted public presentation of a procedure. militants or undertaking that was antecedently performed within the organisation. It is of import when sing outsourcing in any organisation to concentrate on an full map or parts of a map. because an organization’s finance and accounting map comprises of assorted procedures. activities and undertakings. A individual paysheet procedure includes assorted activities like ciphering. employees’ gross compensation for the period of payment. it is besides required to find and subtract sums from gross compensation to enable it calculate net wage. Printing and distributing paysheet cheques. with each activity including more and more undertakings. Outsourcing helps an organisation to make up ones mind whether to outsource the full procedure or one or more of the activities or simply one or more of the undertakings ( Huselid. et Al. . 2005 ) . This research paper will concentrate chiefly on the pertinence of package outsourcing for safety critical systems and besides determination doing stage of the package outsourcing like the 1s of Philips Medical Systems. This is due to the fact that. there are certain critical challenges for a safety critical system companies to better their competitory place and profitableness. this means hence they have to better their operation velocity. operational efficiency. cut down care and increase their entire concern. with less figure of people. and it is outsourcing that will enable them accomplish these ends ( Huselid. et Al. . 2005 ) . From this point. two spirits of outsourcing as respects to package in Philips Medical Systems are ; merchandise outsourcing and capacity outsourcing and each of them serve different intents. As demonstrated by the Cardio Vascular Business Unit of Philips Medical Systems. companies can profit. from merchandise outsourcing chiefly from the invention of the provider and the care of the constituents which is the duty of the provider as a whole ; in capacity outsourcing providers develops portion of the company’s merchandise establishing the production on the company’s specifications per undertaking footing. It is hence of import for companies to concentrate on merchandise outsourcing because it will better the full invention life rhythm of the company. Capacity outsourcing can besides be used as off of bettering the operational efficiency and this will assist to cut down its costs ( Brickley. Bhagat. A ; Lease. 1985 ) . However. regardless of these two outsourcing spirits the chief â€Å"make-or-break† factor in any organisation is in the procedure of determination devising. It is hence of import to develop a research determination support theoretical account which will supply structured and quotable method that will assist in outsourcing determination devising. The sum of package which concern to safety critical merchandises is turning quickly. as a consequence. companies are interested to outsource portion of the development. But the chief concern is the extra demands that are needed to be put on outsourcing safety critical package. like the package for medical merchandises. automotive or air power systems. Earlier we defined outsourcing this will oblige us here to therefore define in-sourcing ; in sourcing refers to the procedure of hiring of package specializers from external package houses to back up the IT section and at the same clip to execute assorted application development within t he company. However. in package specializers. sourcing is prevailing signifier of outsourcing. The following outsourcing types exists ; tactical outsourcing. COTS as basic constituent outsourcing. strategic outsourcing. COTS as specialised constituents outsourcing. transformational outsourcing and subsystem outsourcing. However. the chief attending of this paper is strategic outsourcing where the client and the seller engage in long term relationship. and it is in this relationship where the organisation performs a good thought determination doing procedure on whether or non to outsource a certain portion of the system or IT maps. An illustration are the outsourcing of application development by banking and fiscal service industry ; nevertheless. the most dramatic is outsourcing which will be discussed in the content of the outsourcing itself. for there has been instances in past where companies outsource on physical parts of the bid every bit good as the rational based services like research. merchandise development. design logistics. human dealingss. accounting. legal work s elling and market research. However a few challenges in the new paradigm of outsourcing the outsourcer that will be highlighted is the issue of covering with the best in category providers of mind than that of the best supplies of physical merchandises. This is unsafe for it poses a really large challenge for the direction outsourcing ( Chancy. A ; Devinney. 1992 ) . As respects to physical merchandise. rather frequently. the outsourcer has the cognition. accomplishments and processs of executing. this therefore means you need a higher quality direction if at all you need to outsource merchandise development activities. This will coerce the outsourcer to hold some on who really understands the direction of mind. or else it will be hard to pull off the outsourcing if the provider is best besides in supplying services to your rival ( Huselid. et Al. . 2005 ) . Many houses have been late taking action and the necessary steps to enable them get the better of the multiple jobs associated with the decentalisation the market push paradigm of research and development organisation. The determination involves the creative activity of a new corporate unit meant for strategic direction of engineering with its function of pull offing the overall engineering portfolio. organize the engineering activities of assorted concern units and in conclusion to incorporate other considerations of engineering with more general strategic direction of the company. This requires ‘core competencies’ which is linked to technological expertness and organisational. capablenesss that needs to be combined by a house to in order to organize a alone set of nucleus competences. This will organize the basic for determination doing about engineering and merchandises. Decentralization should be avoided at all costs since it is unsafe for the direction of engineerin g because it usually leads to a state of affairs where single concern units face fiscal menaces within the cooperation. and at the same clip. it does non supply the proviso for organizing with other maps and other assorted parts of the company which will let the application of the technological capablenesss. Even though R A ; D map is non the chief site of the company’s nucleus competetencies. it serves a really of import map because it acts as an investing to them and helps in working or puting of their results ( Charkham. 1989b ) . It is hence of import to measure all long-run undertakings and this should be based on the standards of whether or non the cognition and accomplishments that are generated will in the long-run contribute to the company’s nucleus competences. It means that long-run elements of R A ; D portfolio to be the chief countries of support and be organized around certain technological capablenesss because this would assist to find and every bit good as be determined by the nucleus competences. In add-on. the nucleus competency paradigm would besides supply an effectual manner of mensurating R A ; D. nevertheless. this sort of attack would be off by which technological and non-technological facets of scheme will be linked. and this will finally let R A ; D attempts to be directed towards rapid invention and besides the long-run accretion of technological strength. But it is besides of import to see that the overall consequence of the market construction at first sight is non clear. because at times oligopolistic market may be expected to promote licensing as a agency of coaction between the licensor and the accredited but in the existent sense it is a less concentrated market every bit far as demand is concerned for grounds of competition. Therefore. within the context of basic pick between licensing and the in-house development engineering it is of extreme importance to concentrate on the function played by complementary assets. This is due to the fact that the manner houses will work cognition will be determined by assets in the chief countries of marketing fabrication and market power. Even though licensing at times is associated with the import of some of non-technological assets. the chief outlook is that of their being to do certain that it is positively related to the usage of licensing and how of import they are to find the firmsâ€⠄¢ considerations than its failing in its internal R A ; D ( Chancy. A ; Devinney. 1992 ) . When sing the nature of the invention procedure in general. the chief division of labour is majorly based on construct of invention as a additive procedure. which begins most times with basic research and ends with an advanced merchandise. But. the procedure of invention and its deductions for an organisation have to be considered in concurrence with the manner in which research is organized and managed within the company set up. A good direction company within its research should transport out its research in a multi-disciplinary undertaking squads which should run within a matrix like construction. However there is still a job that the direction face ; they don’t promote scientific creativeness among its staff and contrastingly they still want to guarantee that profitable merchandises are being developed. All these troubles in accommodating creativeness and command demand to be summed up in a senior manager’s mention to the activities of the scientists. In add-on. the other two cardinal countries of employment relationship should besides be looked at carefully: on the job clip and the payment system. because as the director seeks to honor public presentation by agencies of ‘trust time’ and public presentation related wage. it carries with itself. the hazard of deviating employees from originative activity. Today. there are besides other jobs posed by the manager’s program to divide research and development maps. this raises a batch of inquiries about the effectual coaction within external organic structures like universities and biotechnology h ouses. In fact. there is no suggested grounds that the development of informal external links will let the control and creativeness quandary to acquire a solution. Therefore what we are likely to see is that the direction will get down switching invariably between the two ( Chancy. A ; Devinney. 1992 ) . It is of import to detect that the nature of R A ; D is complex. and hence invention demands to be seen as a political and societal alteration alternatively merely as a proficient procedure. because it has reached a phase at which. policy can be and should be reappraised. This means. we should concentrate on two cardinal additive theoretical accounts of invention for they will supply the footing for most of the post-war period in industrialised states ; foremost. we should set excess accent on research. this is because the hazards involved and the ‘public good’ nature of cognition. hence houses in a free market should put in a socially less than optimum sum of research ( Charkham. 1989b ) . This will coerce the authorities to step in straight and at the same clip provide the private sector with the necessary inducements ; secondly is the invention that should be strictly in proficient footings. that is to be as an act of production instead than a uninterrupted societal procedure. And given the fact that in the recent old ages. this theoretical account has come under menace. the two dimension have been accordingly called into inquiry. it hence means that the devotedness or the attempts of resources to R A ; D has non resulted in technological or economic development and successful invention by houses in the terminal but has been seen as a consequence of organisational. every bit much as proficient expertness ; in my position. this is accounted for by the altering positions on the nature of engineering in peculiar as relates to modern-day research ( Charkham. 1989b ) . As a consequence. engineering is progressively by each twenty-four hours seen as affecting the integrating. of cognition organisation and technique. At the same clip. it needs to be seen in the existent context of a societal model which produces and within which it exists. But as for the house. invention requires both external and internal understanding constituents of engineering and the relationship between them and their major job is their capablenesss to develop the competences and capablenesss that are necessary for the creative activity of a competitory advantage. This will supply off for invention to be carried out with bing accomplishments and cognition and in add-on it will non necessitate the usage of research at all. This will really connote that different houses will bring forth inventions in different ways. but the organisation around the already bing competences will give restrictions in signifier of what might be termed as â€Å"bounded vision† . This will coerc e the houses to look outside their ain boundaries in order to obtain solutions to their jobs. and through the combination of internal expertness and external relationships which will organize the bosom of understanding invention. From this point. I will identity five chief policies related issues which will necessitate farther research ; ( I ) The basic principle for public policy ; this is based on the fact that. while the economic importance of invention and technological alteration has already been established. the theoretical underpinnings of this kind of relationship are non good developed ; this is because soon. industrial policy is focused on competition alternatively of invention. this means. given public presentation links. engineering policy should be given greater accent and understand really good its relationship with other countries of policy. ( two ) The difference in invention procedures between industries should be good understood. This is because ; all the troubles that houses face in invention are dependent on the type of industry since the industries in which they worked is of extreme importance for authorities policy. I therefore suggest that the policy should be extended to the footing degree. in order to enable it take history for the differences between houses ( three ) rather frequently than n on. houses are today progressively forced to look outside their ain boundaries in work outing invention jobs. this requires both the function of authorities policy every bit good as the growing in technological cooperation between houses and it would take assorted signifiers which are themselves portion of the broader regional or national ‘system of innovation’ In add-on. the development of an apprehension of the substructure that is necessary for successful invention. and this is an country in which much research has still to non be done. ( four ) System of invention together with firm’s ain expertness ; this has to be considered in concurrence with internalisation of technological alteration. nevertheless this raises the possibility that the national aims of authorities policy is inconsistent with firm’s multinational aspirers. There is besides a related job whereby the international value of most scientific research gives national authorities an inducement to switch towards a more straight applicable research activities. This is a dual scheme because in the long-term it would detriment all parties and at the same clip there are no international mechanisms by which any equal collaborative solution could be achieved. Furthermore there are jobs associated with internationalisation of ‘production’ every bit good as ownership. This calls into inquiry. the thought of nationally based companies and besides the nationally based policies. all these indicates that the policy should be concentrated non on the support for companies R A ; D but besides on the substructure of instruction. preparation and basic scientific discipline. ( V ) What is the function played by scientific discipline in invention procedure? Because of the rejection of the additive theoretical account. it did non intend that scientific discipline was non of importance. in fact there are marks of links between invention and scientific discipline going even closer and even many of the world’s fastest-growing industries are those in which connexions are strongest. But all the same. the well founded links between invention and public presentation in this and other countries. the policy issues raised by them are still a long manner from really being resolved ( Brickley. Bhagat. A ; Lease. 1985 ) . Mentions Brickley. A. . Bhagat. S. and Lease. R. C. ( 1985 ) . In the diary ‘The Impact of Long-range Managerial Compensation Plans on Shareholder Wealth’. Journal of Accounting and Economicss. Charkham. J. ( 1989b ) . In the paperCorporate Administration and the Market forCompanies: Aspects of the Shareholder’s Role’ . Bank of England Discussion Paper. no. 44. November. Chancy. P. K. and Devinney. T. M. ( 1992 ) . In the diary ‘New Product Innovations and Stock Price Performance’ .Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. vol. 19. no. 5. September. Carr. C. H. ( 1990 ) . Britain’s Competitiveness: The Management of the Vehicle Components Industry. Routledge imperativeness. London. Huselid. M. A. . et Al. ( 2005 ) . In the diary ‘A participants or A positions’ ; the strategic logic of workforce direction ; HBR.

5 Awesome Ways to Cut Your Energy Bills

5 Awesome Ways to Cut Your Energy Bills 5 Awesome Ways to Cut Your Energy Bills If you are moving into your first shared apartment, you’re probably worried about paying the bills. And since we are now into fall, you’re probably already thinking about turning the heating on. Here are some great ways for you and your housemates to save money! 1) Shrink Wrap Your Windows Did you know that shrink wrap makes an excellent substitute for extra window panes? If you are stuck with single glazed windows, you’ll know that the heat leaks out! Try taping shrink wrap to the window panes: you’ll be amazed at how much warmer your room feels! 2) Get Some Snakes! OK, real snakes probably won’t heat up your house much, especially since they are cold blooded. However, stuffed snakes laid at the bottom of doors, will! Try using the leg of an old pair of pantyhose and stuff it with rags. Put it at the bottom of your door and you have yourself a free draft excluder. For extra cuteness, add some googly eyes and a smile. 3) Line Your Curtains You’re probably thinking that this is the sort of thing your grandmother would do. But there’s a reason for that: it works! Add a fleecy lining to your curtain for extra insulation. 4) Reflect that Radiation! A sheet of aluminum foil behind a radiator reflects the heat waves back into the room, instead of letting it be absorbed into the wall. Bet you never thought foil could keep you warm, right? 5) Warm Up With Rice! Anyone who has ever tried studying with cold feet will know that it’s not a great experience. Sew up some raw rice in a rectangle of cloth to make yourself a microwaveable rice pillow. It uses a lot less energy than a hot water bottle (kettles are super energy intensive) and is ready in seconds. What are you waiting for? Get busy and make your home a warm and cozy study nest for the winter!

Flexibility and Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Flexibility and Recruitment - Essay Example 8). To understand the concept of flexibility Atkinson's model of flexibility is very useful and of paramount importance. He explains four kinds of flexibility, which firms may achieve, namely functional flexibility, numerical flexibility, pay flexibility and distancing flexibility. Functional flexibility is identified as a qualitative approach to work, and talks about management's ability to organize and reorganize particular segments of the labor force on a broad variety of tasks in reply to market demand when needed (Sparrow 1998 cited in Teicher & Holland 2006 p. 241-242). The workers are given proper training in a broad number of skills in order to make its achievement certain. The unpredictable nature of consumer demands of the products makes this type of flexibility to continue in the market. And similarly with the changes in consumer demands the technology used by the labor would also have to change making this type of flexibility to come handy for the employers (Mathews 1989 cit ed in Teicher & Holland 2006 p. 242). Numerical flexibility is identified as a quantitative approach to labor consumption. To achieve this type of flexibility the size of labor force is amended to the levels of economic activity at short notes (Atkinson 1984 cited in Teicher & Holland 2006 p. 242). Management has a choice to amend or reorganize its human resources according to the workload rise and fall. Casual, part-time service providers and sub-contractors usually offer this type of flexibility (Morehead et al. 1995; Burgess 1997 cited in Teicher & Holland 2006 p. 242). Distancing is graded as a secondary type of numerical flexibility, which involves the outsourcing of certain activities that may consist of core and non-core activities. The process of associating the non-core processes to the subcontractors is well instituted (for example, cleaning, food preparation and safety) and the improved outsourcing of usual core actions, principally in the human resources part (Herriot 19 98; Fisher et al. 2002 cited in Teicher & Holland 2006 p. 242), helps the diminution of the core or permanent staff. Financial flexibility is a payment structure which is supposedly designed to make the progress of numerical and functional flexibility possible. It allows the market forces to state their pay rates for the external workforce and gives the opportunity of increasing the nature of skills which the core labor has (Teicher & Holland 2006, p. 242). With the increasing demand of flexible workers through out, the hiring process has proved to be very difficult for the Human Resource professionals. Different strategies are being sought by the professionals to overcome the difficulties during the process of recruitment. Temporary workers are hired through the process of either formal or informal recruitment. However nowadays it is being hard for the hr professionals to hire these temporary workers. Formal Recruitment is one form through which hiring is done by these professionals. In this kind of process the nature and the requirements of the jobs are posted over different forms of media inviting the individuals who are deeply interested in the job. Thus an intermediary is selected by the formal recruitment team and this role of intermediary can be played either by the media or an agency (Marsden and Campbell 1990). The date and the location are usually set up by the company who is recruiting and both these factors are kept

Conformity and obedience Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conformity and obedience - Research Paper Example To the contrary those who rebelled or disobeyed probably got eaten by a tiger or fell off a cliff in the primitive settings of our species’ development. (Kassin, et.al, 2007) Hence, obedience to significant others has a definite value. In other words, â€Å"child socialization values, the values that parents hold in high regard and try to impart to their children, occupy a central place in the studies of the family and social stratification. Socialization values not only condition parental behavior in childrearing practices, they also help shape children's value systems and behavior, which affect their life chances and pathways to success.† (Xiao, 1999, p.641) Conformity has its value too, in terms of its social utility. In order for societies to maintain cohesion and harmony, a certain degree of shared virtues, behaviour and values are to be upheld by all members of the society. Otherwise, discord and disharmony are likely to ensue. As the famous adage ‘When in R ome, be a Roman’ hints, conformity holds great survival value for any individual anywhere in the world. But it must be remembered that our country is founded on principles of individual freedom and rights and the concept of ‘individualism’ is cherished and held dear by most of the citizens. Hence there are equally powerful and legitimate countervailing tendencies in the form of conformity and individualism. As author Wilfred McClay notes succinctly in his journal article for The Virginia Quarterly Review, â€Å"As the example of Huck Finn suggests, American thought and expression have always been rich with figures of heroic individuality-and correspondingly poor in convincing and binding representations of community or social obligation. Whether one considers our accounts of the great colonial religious controversies, such as those involving rebels Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, or the moral fables embedded in our popular culture, such as that offered in th e movies One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, The Dead Poets' Society, and Fiddler on the Roof, we seem to have a boundless appetite for fables of personal liberation. We are almost invariably asked to side with the put-upon individual, cast as an unjustly thwarted soul yearning to breathe free, and we are instructed to hiss at the figures of social or political authority, the John Winthrops and Nurse Ratcheds of life, whose efforts to sustain order establish them instead as monsters and enemies of humanity.† (McClay, 2001, p.392) One particular illustration of a call for individualism is seen in the movie Dead Poets Society. In this Robin Williams starrer, topics of conformity and obedience are explored cinematically. Williams, who moves into a vacant English professor position in a up-scale prep school (Welton Academy in Vermont), finds his students tough to deal with in the beginning. The students are prone to make trouble both inside and outside the classroom. Williams takes u pon himself to channel their energies into more creative activities and subjects of poetry and literature serve as inspirational tool, with which he wins over the minds and hearts of the pupils. The students start behaving much better as a result and in the process engage in the learning and enjoy the classroom experience. With stimulated minds and liberated thoughts, the students are confounded and conflicted by the emergent and the established. Despite

Voidable Agreements and Unconscionable Contracts Assignment

Voidable Agreements and Unconscionable Contracts - Assignment Example The following summary of a case in a court of law shows a voidable agreement containing an unconscionable contract. The case in subject involves a minor who purchased a used car from an adult at one hundred and forty dollars. He, the buyer, attempted to return the car after noticing that the main bearing system had malfunctions. As a result, the buyer informed the seller on the issue, and asserted that repairing the entire bearing system would cost approximately half the purchasing price. Therefore, the minor left the car with the seller and mailed a written notification expressing his dissatisfaction; hence terminating their contract.As a counter action, the adult seller sued the minor buyer for breaching their agreement. After appraising all essential components of the case, the court passed a ruling in favor of the seller on the basis that the contract was not voidable. The premise provided was that the buyer’s aunt and grandmother not only gave him the money for purchase o f the car, but also accompanied him to the venue of transaction. In this first ruling, the seller benefited as a result of misinterpretation of the law on voidable contract.The buyer appealed after losing in the first trial. The court of appeal analyzed the provided evidence and determined the case as a voidable contract. The appellate chamber maintained that the transaction surrounding the contract was between a minor and an adult

Effect and Impact of Mergers on Employee Morale

Effect and Impact of Mergers on Employee Morale The vital industries of Pakistan banking sector plays immaculate role to proof his growth in different footings. From the beginning till now banks pursues innovations n more service indicators to sustain their existence in the field of banking. Apart from the local banks side so many big foreign international banks also step in as Pakistan Banking sector was hot cake in those days even now. The total illustrated deposit collected by the foreign banks in from the period of 80s to 90s that was around 37000 million in rupees (Article from: Economic Review Article date: October 1, 1990 Author: Haque, Ansarul). The first foreign international bank registered in Pakistan was Doha Bank Ltd and then by Faisal Al-Islami of Bahrain. All the banks are still now completely regulated by State Bank of Pakistan from its complete formation in 1948. The procedure and policies are completely and compulsory followed by all commercial including foreign banks in Pakistan. Banking sector in Pakistan pass out from different phases such as privatization of banks was the big step taken to encourage the banking field to get more flexible and awe-inspiring results. The main reason to encourage these banks becoming privatize to introduce new and sound financial products for both individuals as well as business solutions and they did so as foreign banks such as Citi Bank covers a wide range of financial products to its customers in first. In Recent era now every big bank is offering a wide variation of flexible financial solutions to its customers with the customer needs and attention with the effect of providing good customer services by applying Quality Service Indicators in every branch of every bank. Banks in Pakistan nearly providing same financial solution to the nation but that bank will survive who retains the customer by giving them personal interest through quality services. From last few years back, banks in Pakistan are getting involved in merger and acquisition activities such as in 2006 Standard Chartered Bank acquired Union Bank and in 2007 NIB Bank Ltd acquired the PICIC Bank, and after that ABN Amro bank acquired Prime Commercial Bank which was later acquired by the RBS Bank. And now the RBS Bank is purchased by the Faysal Bank Ltd in October 2010. These merger and acquisition activities shown a rapid change of banking culture but the employees are those who suffer from these M/A stages even mostly lost their jobs due to commitment with new management. The mainly purpose to conduct this study on merger and acquisition of banks and its effect on employee job satisfaction because there has been seen a big change in shape of merger activities after the big financial crises that effects the whole world business strategies in different mode so many employees getting jobless. Every segment of work or business and individuals of the nation is affected by the financial crisis due to the cycle of collecting deposits and lending money chain broken. Peoples do not have the power to save the money in the banks because of less profitability and more expenses that reduced the profitability of the banks too and let them to merge and acquisition themselves with another well-established bank that bear their costs and their existence too. During merger and acquisition activities lots of employees victimize in different terms. They suffer from the stiffed phase of their job. Most of the employees job satisfaction level goes ultimate down as they thin k they will be getting fired or jobless as new management would be come up with new teams of professionals and new procedure of working conditions in this way their morale level affected. Mainly, after merger and acquisition activities, there are two aspects come into headlines which are related to those employees who are coming from different organization with this attitude to adjust themselves in new environment with challenges. So there morale is high due to stress push them to survive in new environment. The other aspect of employees are those who are suffering from merger process that either the organization needs them more or they will be getting jobless due to next management rules (Leigh Richards, Demand Media 2010). This uncertainty let their motivation level down which effect their job satisfaction too. Main objective to conduct this study on the effect of merger and acquisition to employee morale is to identify those factors which let the morale level high or down after merger and acquisition of two or more industries. Mostly it has been seen the negative relation that the merger and acquisition of two sectors impact positively to let the morale level down of employees which result job dissatisfaction too. But this also has been that the merger and acquisition activities will also boost the employee level to survive among the best and hold their position in the changing environment. Low morale employees can also hurt the organization structure too as Bohl (1989) stated that poor morale is contagious. It may begin with one dis-satisfied employee and broaden into a general malaise, or spread from department to department and finally infect the entire organization. Insidious as it may be, poor morale is reversibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- (p. 52). My research addresses the questions that what relation exists between after the event of merger and acquisition of banks and morale of an employee. Either this relation positively affected or negatively. The other question is to be asked that the significance of that relationship which reveals the facts that either the relation is strongly effect or slightly or normal. Even the research questions include the material which explains the level of effect of those factors effect on employee morale. The other question which needs the explanation most is that the results outcomes occurs from the event of merger and effects on employee morale. Either employee morale goes down or they dissatisfied from their jobs and tend to leave the job to replace themselves in another bank or their morale is too high to put more efforts to achieve the success level from the merger activities. The last but not the least question needs the answer is that the morale level of the employees of RBS Bank after getting acquired by Faysal Bank is getting high to work better or getting low by losing their brand loyalty and organization commitment merge with another and about what extent of ratio resign or fired from the bank or join the bank after merger activity. Business reason to conduct this study is to find out the tendency of those employee who left the job after this merger and acquisition activities that affects their work image, their brand loyalty, their organizational commitment and their change of culture dimensions or to find out that is this business strategy of merger and acquisition of banks is useful to motivate the employees to work in different environment to get the chance be a professional and succesful as they were neglected. From the perspective of management, merger activities are more useful and beneficial to get the cream of professional and other resources and let the others go and start a new and diversified culture but on the other perspective from employees it may be beneficial and may be not because of changing culture and uncertain information about the new rules and procedure for working. The personal reason for this study is to be as a student of management sciences and as an employee of a bank MCB Bank Ltd, s een the stage of merger activities. MCB Bank Ltd purchased the RBS Bank initially even the both bank system was getting merged but due to political issues this deal was cancelled. In that period the thing which was examine that the employees of RBS Bank are not happy to be acquired by another bank as they lost their identity and loyalty. LITERATURE REVIEW: There are number of series of literature review published on merger or acquisition and on employee morale which shows a considerable subject of research. The term merger in context of baking field is when two banks willingly operated as a single identity or operated by a single bank is known as merger as (Greenwood, 1994) define, A merger involves a blend of two companies, rather than mere legal enjoinment or absorption of one firm into another. Merger and acquisition are now means to be more important to achieve the corporate diversity and growth (Cartwright Cooper, 1992). Even merger of two is defines as a process in which the merged company loses his identity to be one firm by the acquirer (Kithinji Waweru, 2007). It has been seen that if there is any change recognized in the organization that affects the individuals (Wilson, 2004). (Tehrani, 2007) changes from merger have seen negative impact on well-being in context to accept that change and can also add the stress on workplac e level. As (Vaananen, 2004) measured change solely through employees perceptions of whether or not their standing at work had changed during the period of a merger. The effect of merger and acquisition on employee moral can have significant impact if the reorganization of the merged firm is not handled successfully. Change from the result of merger can be difficult and leads to the stress that has a negative impact on employee morale (Richards, 2009), and the factor which lead to the stress is lack of communication passes from top level to lower level management during merger times (Pophal, 2009). (Cofer Appley, 1964) Focus on stress by this term stress . Has all but preempted a field previously shared by a number of other conceptsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (p. 441) which includes the level of anxiety, conflict, frustration, emotional disturbance, trauma and many other factor discussed under the reference of stress. Through this we easily identify that stress impact on employee morale level. Workplace environment changes make an effect on employee behavior which either downgrade their morale or either upgrades their morale to accept the change for workin g flexibility if provided by that reorganization firm. (Pract, 1998) explains the stress and morale getting poor in the context of general practitioners where this concern is positively seen. (Robertson, Haton, Felce, 2005) also tested the results of stress from workplace change and the level employee morale. This field study also resulted in the context of change of environment. This would entail the fact as the workplace environment change then the stress on well-being affected in any terms. (Deborah, Victor, Callan, Sartori, 1999) in which they discuss the factor of stresson employee adjustment due to the organizational change. As we know the merger activities includes the process of merging two or more organization then the culture clash is obvious thing which is hardly accepted by the employees and this would let their morale down (Pophal, The effects of Merger and Acquisition on Employee Morale, 2009). This have been seen that after merger activities, mostly new management comes up with new policies and the HR role starts to hire the new professional to complete the gap due to this merger activity happened leads to fear of job-less from the organization and this would let their morale down during the merger activities. According to (Sen, 1997) Unemployment can be a major causal factor predisposing people to social exclusion. The exclusion applies not only to economic opportunities, such as job-related insurance, and to pension and medical entitlements, but also to social activities, such as participation in the life of the community, the lack of which may be quite problematic for jobless people. (Difonzo Bordia, 1999) A tale of two corporations: Managing uncertainty during organizational change in which they suggest the reason of ineffective strategies of communication during the organizational change which lead to flourish the rumors and let the employee morale either positive or either negatively. (Difonzo Bordia, 1999)- Human Resource Management, 1998 also find out the in his field study that the employee morale were unanimously drooped down and the level of anxiety has been intense and the comments from the management that youre going to be rid of me, so why should I continue to work so hard? shows the morale level so down. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The Type of Study: The type of study is deductive in which the variables have been taken from empirical data and other journals and articles. And this study is descriptive in nature which describes the relationship between the variables and their effect on employee morale during the merger activities. Theoretical Framework: Stress Employee Morale Managing Uncertainity MERGER ACQUISITION Competitiveness Anxiety of Jobless Hypothesis Building: Following are the hypothesis testing in this field study on effects of merger and acquisition on employees morale. H1: Merger and Acquisition activities results into higher employee morale H2: Merger and Acquisition activities results into lower employee morale H3: Merger activities results high stress level impact on employee morale level H4: Managing uncertainty has a positive significant impact on handling employee morale level H5: Merger activities increase the competition which results lower the employee morale level H6: Merger activities increase the competition which results higher the employee morale level H7: Merger activities increase the anxiety level of getting jobless which results lower employee morale level Sample size that you have chosen and why you have chosen that sample: The sample size of this field study is based on the survey through questionnaire filled by 150 employees from 6 different branches of RBS Bank acquired by the Faysal Bank Ltd. Large number of questionnaire filled by lower and medium level of employees working in different branches and also filled by the management professionals to see what they observed from this merger and acquisition activity and its effect on employee overall focusing on their morale level too. Data collection tools to be used and why you are using that tool: This field study is based on secondary data collection in which empirical research done on merger and acquisition activities and their effect or impact on an employee morale data includes to find out the significance of relation between merger and employee morale through the level of stress, managing uncertainty, anxiety of jobless, competitiveness and role conflict exists in the study of RBS Bank merger or acquisition by Faysal Bank Ltd while the primary data for this study is gathered by the survey through complete research questionnaire about merger and its effect or impact on employees morale filled by the employees of RBS Bank and even with Faysal Bank Ltd. The questionnaire is based on likert scale from 1 to 5 questions where 1 shows strongly disagree and 2 shows disagree and 3 shows neutral answer and 4 shows agreed and 5 scale shows strongly agreed with the said questions. The main purpose to use these tools to easily find out the relation and impact of merger on employee mor ale through empirical data and that data would be proved through the survey questionnaire from the employees of acquired firm which id RBS Bank. What software would you use and why would you use it: This field study is based on different variables relationship effects on employee morale. First the data has been taken from secondary sources including research articles, journals and also from primary sources through field survey questionnaire from RBS Bank employees then arrange the data and found the co relational analysis done. SPSS 14 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software used for analysis of the attained data. The SPSS software is most useful systematic programmer to find out accurate results by calculating large amount of data easily and in short time. SPSS software gives the values of co relation of variables and regression values in a tabular format. LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH: This field study on the variables effects on employee morale from merger and acquisition activities is limited by so many other factors due to time constraint to get the most accurate results either they influence on results. Even the size of the sample is also limited in number such as billed by 150 employees of RBS Bank in which mostly are lower level working in different branches and some are filled from middle level management professional to gain their opinion too. This sample size was enough to find out co relational values between the relation of merger and its effects and impact on employee morale. The results cannot be truly accurate due to biasness of filling such survey questionnaire but can be rarely happened. The variables have been taken are also limited because to find out most close relationship between their co relation existence. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION: There are many areas still undiscovered with the relation of M/A activities and there effect on organization culture and boundaries. In which the effect was only seen with the relation of employees and human capital activities but not with the assets, records, liabilities due, customer feedback, customer acceptance and loyalties. These are still not closely look into with the relation of merger activities of organizations. Such in these activities the questions should be asked from the customer of those banks which are going to be acquired by the other bank that are they happy with this activity of merger, do they seen this thing positive in sense, do they get benefit after this merger activity or not, would they continue to work with the same bank or will shift to another well-established bank. These are the questions still needs answers from the perspective of merger and acquisition activities of banks. Another direction would be in the same context is to find out the after merger activities of banks and role of HR manager to manage the uncertainty level of the employees during merger process. We have seen that there is a lot of stress on employees while merger is in progress but no such communication transfer to the employees which result the employees are unaware from such activities and getting afraid that how the new management treat with them, are they getting jobless due to not fulfilling the set criteria by the new management, or they would be given more work and responsibilities. These rumors or thinking process of employees let their motivation level down due to their job satisfaction effected. For that purpose the role of managers is most required to communicate the employees and ensure them the safety of their job and their professional as well as social value in the organization by using useful tools such as re-screening of employees or through motivational activity tools. Some research may work on it but not deeply inside. WHO WOULD BENEFIT FROM THIS STUDY? This study is done for the purpose to find out the relationship of morale after the merger and acquisition process of RBS Bank and Faysal Bank Ltd which would benefit to the management of Faysal bank in the context that now the employees of their organization are truly motivated with high morale or they are not motivated by low morale due to this merger activity. In this way the organization would easily make some managerial tools to utilize their human capital employees such as by motivating them a part of Faysal Bank Ltd which gives them new loyalties and more flexibility of their jobs and work and giving more attention and more rewards program from the previous one. The other would get the benefits mostly are the human resource department which understand the need of communicate the merger policies and terms to clarify the questions of employees. HR department tend to be more ethical and friendly to support their employees by communicating them about the M/A activities. Communicat ion gap from management to lower level employees during merger and acquisition activities have been seen a big issue.

One Deadly Psychotic Break Essay -- Literary Analysis

An online dictionary defines mental illness as â€Å"any of various disorders in which a person's thoughts, emotions, or behavior are so abnormal as to cause suffering to himself†¦or other people;† a second definition is â€Å"any of various psychiatric disorders or diseases, usually characterized by impairment of thought, mood, or behavior† (Thefreedictionary.com). In Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"Ligeia,† the narrator perfectly satisfies both of the above definitions. In Poe’s story, the nameless narrator’s beautiful wife Ligeia lives with him a short time before she dies. After her death, the narrator re-marries to Rowena, who eventually dies as well. At the conclusion of the story, his first, beloved wife returns to him through the body of Rowena. In reality, however, Poe’s story is far different from what it at first seems. The narrator, under the influence of opium, creates Ligeia in his mind and, when she  "dies,† he kills Rowena himself to bring his first wife back. In the article â€Å"Poe’s Ethereal Ligeia,† Jack and June Davis describe â€Å"Ligeia† as the faulty account of an insane narrator who â€Å"knows Ligeia only through his opium hallucinations but who wants to present her as a real and credible person† (171). The narrator uses Ligeia to chase the elusive secret to eternal life. When she dies, instead of forgoing his search, the narrator procures Rowena in order to present Ligeia with a dead body to return through; thus, he commits murder to carry out his insane plot. Because the narrator of Poe’s story fabricates the existence of his first wife, uses her to pursue eternal life, and kills his second bride to bring Ligeia back, he can be classified as mentally deranged. Ligeia’s unreality is strong evidence for the instability... ...im. What the deranged narrator once perceived as a victory over death is, in reality, nothing more than a drug-induced psychotic break. Works Cited Basler, Roy. "The Interpretation of "Ligeia"." College English. 5.7 (1944): 363-372. Web. 7 Apr. 2012. Basler, Roy, and James Schroeter. "Poe's "Ligeia"." PMLA. 77.5 (1962): 675. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. Davis, Jack L., and June H. Davis. "Poe's Ethereal Ligeia." Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association. 24.4 (1970): 170-176. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. Espejo, Roman. Mental Illness. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Print. "Mental Illness - Definition." The free dictionary by farlex. Farlex, Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Apr 2012. . Rabkin, Leslie Y. Psychopathology and Literature. San Francisco, CA: Chandler Publishing Company, 1966. Print.

Dr Montessori Emphasises the Importance of the Development of Imagination

Dr Montessori emphasises the importance of the development of imagination. How do cultural activities in a Montessori prepared environment aid in this development? Imagination, also called the faculty of imagining, is the ability of forming mental images, sensations and concepts, in a moment when they are not perceived through sight, hearing or other senses. Imagination is the work of the mind that helps create fantasy. Imagination helps provide meaning to experience and understanding to knowledge; it is a fundamental facility through which people make sense of the world, and it also plays a key role in the learning process.A basic training for imagination is the listening to storytelling, in which the exactness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to ‘evoke worlds. ‘ Imagination is the faculty through which we encounter everything. The things that we touch, see and hear coalesce into a â€Å"picture† via our imagination. Imagination is the power of formin g a mental image of something not present to the senses or never before wholly perceived in reality. It is a creative ability or mental capacity for experiencing, constructing and manipulating mental images.Imagination is responsible for the entire range of fantasy, original and insightful thought and sometimes for a much wider range of mental activities. With children and their development, nothing is more important than imagination to help with the growth of thought processes and creativity. Children that are able to get away from it all and place themselves, mentally, in another world are more likely to be able to think â€Å"outside the box† and produce more creative results when learning and working.For this reason, the importance of imagination cannot be underestimated and should be encouraged when raising children. Curiosity holds an important place in the minds of kids because it helps provide them with the will to explore objects and places that they do not know. Chi ldren become curious from a very young age and begin to wonder about various notions in this broad universe, but it is imagination that helps carry the child beyond the boundaries of imagination and into a new world of discovery. It is imagination that begins to develop and occupy a very vital place in a child's mental world.With imagination, a child can move mountains, transport himself to a distant world, make himself smaller or larger, or disappear from sight. Imagination allows children to form new ideas and explore old ideas, all at once. For children with more to escape in their unfortunate realities, such as abuse victims or children with separated parents, imagination plays an even more critical role in development as it aids with coping. When children get scared, it is important to show them compassion and belonging. This can be accomplished through the use of imagination at play.Doll houses, miniature worlds, board games, role-playing games, or even a simple tent in the ba ckyard can promote imagination in small children as they are influenced through the limitless boundaries of the creative world. With more than these in mind, Dr Montessori emphasises the importance of imagination in children. Maria Montessori said â€Å"Free the child's potential, and you will transform him into the world†. When she said this, she also meant that imagination is one of the child’s potential that can be broadened over time.However Dr Montessori only emphasized imagination but not fantasy. She felt that young children would not be able to differentiate between reality and fiction if they got too much idea about fantasy. It is a fairly common concern among Montessori parents and critics of the method that Montessori discouraged imaginative play. Montessori herself says this: â€Å"Adults, even thought they punish or patiently tolerate the errant and unruly actions of these disordered children, actually favor and encourage their fantasies, interpreting the m as the creative tendencies of a child's mind.Froebel invented many of his games to encourage the development of a child's imagination along these lines†¦ Toys furnish a child with an environment that has no particular goal and , as a consequence, they cannot provide it with any real mental concentration but only illusions†¦. ‘divided' children of this sort are regarded, particularly in school, as being highly intelligent, even if they lack order, neatness, and discipline. † There is a clear distinction between fantasy and imagination.The Montessori learning environment is much different than the traditional model. Instead of information passing from the teacher to the student, the teacher is skilled in putting the child in touch with the environment, and helping him learn to make intelligent choices and to carry out research in a prepared environment. The teacher then protects the student's concentration from interruption. This fosters a love of lifetime lear ning in the student.

The Dalai Lama essays

The Dalai Lama essays The Dalai Lama is one of the most important leaders of the 20th and 21st centuries. He has lived both a very remarkable and influential life. He was born a normal man, but is now the leader of the Buddhist people. He has many qualities that have shaped his life, and helped him through his troubles. In this essay, I will tell you the story of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama was born in the small poverty stricken town of Taktser. He was born on July 6th 1935 under the name Lhamo Thondup, which means Wish Fulfilling Goddess. He and his family were one of twenty families living in Taktser. At the age of two, Lhamo was chosen as the incarnation of the previous Dalai Lama. This is very remarkable because he is one of few to be reincarnated as the Dalai Lama. Buddhist people believe that the Dalai Lama will be reincarnated after he dies. He then left to the Tibetan capital of Lhasa, and became the spiritual leader of the Buddhist people. The Dalai Lama had three older brothers and one older sister. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, had already been recognized as the reincarnation of one of the high lamas. His sister, Tsering Dolma, who was 18 at the time of the Dalai Lamas birth, had helped to take of him and take care of the household. One of the Dalai Lamas mentors was his dad. He helped to guide him through his young childhood. He remembered him as being a kind man, but every now and then had quick temper. He recalls his mother as undoubtedly one of the kindest people I have ever known. After being sent to Lhasa, and becoming older, the Dalai Lama received his primary education. He pursued a doctorate in being a monk. As all monks do he studied subjects that included logic, Tibetan art and culture, Sanskrit, medicine and Buddhist philosophy. The last and the most important, and most difficult, was subdivided into five further categories: Prajnaparamita, the perfection of wisdom; Madhyamik...

Meiji essays

Meiji essays The Meiji government during the 1880's created both an institutional and constitution structure that allowed Japan in the coming decades to be a stabile and industrializing country. Two major policies and strategies that reinforced stability and economic modernization in Japan were the creation of a national public education system and the ratification of the Meiji constitution. Both these aided in stability and thus economic growth. The creation of a national education system aided in creating stability because it indoctrinated youth in the ideas of loyalty, patriotism, and obedience. Japan's education system at first stressed free thought and the ideas of individual's exploration of knowledge but by 1890 the education system of Japan became a tool for indoctrination into what Peter Duus calls "a kind of civil religion" with the Imperial Rescript on Education. This Rescript stressed two things. First, it stressed loyalty to the emperor and to a lesser extant to the state. In every classroom a picture of the emperor was placed. Second, the education system stressed self sacrifice to the state and family. Filial piety was taught in schools and applied not only to the family but also to the national family which included father, teacher, official and employer. The Japanese education system also created a system of technical schools and universities both public and private that educated a growing class of Japanese on how to use new western machinery, administrate government and run private industries. The Japanese education system following the Rescript on Education served primarily to teach people what to think and not how to think; and as Edwin Reischauer stated, "Japan pioneered in the modern totalitarian technique of using the educational system for indoctrination and was in fact decades ahead of countries like Germany in perfecting these techniques." J...